Glossary 术语表 19

Glossary

术语表

Lesson 19 of 21 第19课，共21课

332 studies 332研究

Studies
that the Commission undertakes after formal request from Congress or
USTR. These fact-finding reports can cover a variety of topics
including, but not limited to, competitiveness of domestic industries in
the global market, effects of implementing or changing a certain trade
preference program, and how U.S. trade policy affects certain countries
or regions. These studies are named after section 332(g) of the Tariff
Act of 1930, which authorizes them. 委员会根据国会或USTR的正式请求进行的研究。这些事实调查报告涉及的主题范围广泛，包括但不限于国内产业在全球市场中的竞争力、实施或更改某些贸易优惠计划的影响，以及美国贸易政策对某些国家或地区的影响。这些研究是根据《1930年关税法》第332(g)条款授权的。

A

Ad Valorem rate of duty 从价关税税率

A rate of duty expressed as a percentage applied to the appraised customs value of the imported good. 一种按照百分比表示的关税税率，适用于进口商品的评估海关价值。

Antidumping investigation (AD) 反倾销调查（AD）

An
investigation by the Commission under Title VII, sections 701-783 of
the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, to determine if a domestic industry
is injured by unfairly priced imports (those sold at less than fair
market value or their costs of production). 根据《1930年关税法》第七章第701-783节进行的调查，旨在确定国内产业是否因不公平定价的进口商品（即以低于公平市场价值或低于生产成本的价格出售）受到损害。

Antidumping duty 反倾销税

An
additional charge assessed on imports from countries that have been
determined by the Commission to injure the U.S. industry as a result of
unfairly priced imports; these duties are not shown in the HTS. 对来自被委员会确定为因不公平定价进口商品对美国产业造成损害的国家征收的附加费用；这些关税未显示在HTS中。

BC

Column 1 rate of duty 第一类关税税率

Rate
that applies to normal trade relations countries, as declared in
statutes or in Presidential proclamations; it is shown in the HTS in the
column labeled "General" and occasionally referred to as the "most
favored nation" rate. To be eligible for a column 1-special duty rate, a
country must be accorded column 1-general duty treatment. Some
countries eligible for these rates under international agreements may be
totally or partially embargoed; no embargo imposed under U.S. law is
shown in the HTS. 适用于与美国保持正常贸易关系的国家的关税税率，按法律或总统公告声明；在HTS中显示在“普通”栏中，偶尔被称为“最惠国”税率。要符合第一类特殊关税税率的条件，某国必须获得第一类普通关税待遇。某些根据国际协议享受这些税率的国家可能会完全或部分地被禁运；美国法律下实施的禁运未显示在HTS中。

Column 2 rate of duty 第二类关税税率

Rate
that applies to countries without normal trade relations status with
the United States; current list is in general note 3(b) to the HTS. The
four currently listed countries are embargoed. 适用于与美国没有正常贸易关系地位的国家的关税税率；当前的名单见HTS总则3(b)部分。现有四个列出的国家被禁运。

Compound rate of duty 复合关税税率

A rate of duty with both ad valorem and specific components. 一种包含从价税和定额税部分的关税税率。

Countervailing duty (CVD) 反补贴税（CVD）

An
additional charge assessed on imports from countries that have been
determined to injure the U.S. industry by receiving benefits from a
foreign government's subsidy programs (whether by direct cash outlays or
other means not afforded to goods not produced in the pertinent
country); these duties are not shown in the HTS. 对来自被确定为因接受外国政府补贴计划（无论是通过直接现金支付还是通过该国未生产商品无法获得的其他方式）对美国产业造成损害的国家征收的附加费用；这些关税未显示在HTS中。

Countervailing duty investigation 反补贴税调查

An
investigation by the Commission under Title VII, Sections 701-783 of
the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, to determine if a domestic industry
is injured by goods receiving benefits from a foreign government's
subsidy programs. 根据《1930年关税法》第七章第701-783节进行的调查，旨在确定国内产业是否因收到外国政府补贴计划受益的商品而受到损害。

Customs Ruling Online Search System (CROSS) 海关裁定在线查询系统（CROSS）

A
database maintained by Customs and Border Protection that contains
published rulings on tariff classification, origin/marking, valuation or
other matters. Not all products are included in the database (only
those for which rulings have been published, usually following importer
requests) but it can be searched by product name or HTS number. 由海关与边境保护局维护的数据库，包含已发布的关于关税分类、原产地/标记、估价或其他事项的裁定。并非所有产品都包含在数据库中（仅包含已发布裁定的产品，通常是进口商请求后发布的），但可以通过产品名称或HTS编号进行查询。

Customs territory 海关领土

The
territory in which the customs laws of a nation state apply in full.
For the United States, HTS general note 2 says that the customs
territory includes only the 50 States, the District of Columbia and
Puerto Rico. 适用某一国家海关法律的完整领土。对于美国，HTS总则2规定海关领土仅包括50个州、哥伦比亚特区和波多黎各。

D

Duty 关税

A
tax (or tariff) on imports. Duties typically are based on the value of
the goods (ad valorem duties), weight or quantity (specific duties), or a
combination of value and other factors (compound duties). 对进口商品征收的税（或关税）。关税通常基于商品的价值（从价税）、重量或数量（定额税），或价值与其他因素的组合（复合税）。

Essential character 本质特征

A
principle of tariff classification used under the Harmonized System to
distinguish one or more significant features, materials, functions or
other characteristics that determine a good's identity or nature. When
applied to certain mixtures or composite goods, this principle says such
goods may be classified as if they consisted of the component or
material that is predominant by weight, value, quantity or an other
important aspect or that plays a major role in relation to the use of
the goods. 协调制度下用于关税分类的原则，用以区分确定商品身份或性质的一个或多个显著特征、材料、功能或其他特点。当应用于某些混合物或复合商品时，这一原则认为这些商品可以按其在重量、价值、数量或其他重要方面占主导地位的组成部分或材料分类，或者根据在商品使用中的重要作用进行分类。

F

Free trade agreement (FTA) 自由贸易协议（FTA）

An
agreement between two (bilateral FTA) or more than two (regional FTA)
that reduces or removes duties on eligible items traded between the
countries and that contains various other legal commitments aimed at
facilitating such trade. 两国（双边FTA）或多国（区域FTA）之间的协议，旨在减少或取消在各国之间交易的符合条件商品的关税，并包含旨在促进此类贸易的其他法律承诺。

G

General Notes (GNs) and General Rules of Interpretation (GRIs) 总则（GNs）和一般解释规则（GRIs）

General Rules of Interpretation (GRIs) -
The six international rules designed to help you understand and
properly apply the Harmonized System categories, an outline of the
method used to determine product classification, and the additional U.S.
rules of interpretation applicable to 8-digit U.S. subheadings. 一般解释规则（GRIs） - 六条国际规则，旨在帮助你理解和正确应用协调制度类别，概述用于确定产品分类的方法，并包含适用于美国8位数字子项的附加解释规则。

General Notes (GNs) -
The U.S. provisions for applying the HTS, including an explanation of
the rates of duty, the countries to which they pertain, and rules that
must be met to obtain particular tariff treatment. 总则（GNs） - 美国适用HTS的规定，包括关税税率的解释、相关国家以及获取特定关税待遇的规则。

H

Harmonized System (HS) 协调系统（HS）

An
international product nomenclature system by over 100 countries for
classifying traded goods, established in a convention maintained by the
World Customs Organization; its full name is the Harmonized Commodity
Description and Coding System. 一个由100多个国家用于商品分类的国际产品命名系统，由世界海关组织（WCO）维护，完整名称为《协调商品描述与编码系统》。

Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS or HTSUS) 美国协调关税表（HTS或HTSUS）

The
HTS is the statute used to determine tariff classifications for goods
imported into the United States and maintained and published by the
USITC. The HTS is based on the international Harmonized System. Nearly
all countries base their tariff schedules on the Harmonized System,
making it easier to conduct international trade and compare trade data. HTS是用于确定进口至美国商品关税分类的法令，由美国国际贸易委员会（USITC）维护和发布。HTS基于国际协调系统。几乎所有国家的关税表都基于协调系统，这使得国际贸易更为便捷，贸易数据的比较也更为容易。

Heading 章目

The
broadest category of tariff provisions in the HS/HTS, designated by a
4-digit number and with a product description that is not indented. 在HS/HTS中，最广泛的关税条款类别，由4位数字指定，且没有缩进的产品描述。

IJKL

Legislative reports 立法报告

Reports
prepared by the Office of Industry and Competitiveness Analysis and
TATA that provide information to Congress and to the public about bills
that would temporarily reduce or remove the duty on a specific good,
make permanent tariff changes in the HTS, or set up or modify tariff
programs (such as the GSP). 由产业与竞争力分析办公室（Office of Industry and Competitiveness Analysis）和TATA编写的报告，向国会和公众提供关于临时降低或取消特定商品关税、在HTS中永久改变关税或建立/修改关税计划（如GSP）的信息。

MN

Nomenclature 命名法

A
structured system of numbered descriptive categories governed by rules
and used for classifying imported goods for statistical and duty
determination purposes. The intent of such a system is that each good be
described in only 1 category. 一个有规则管理的结构化编号描述类别系统，用于对进口商品进行统计和关税确定的分类。该系统的目的是确保每种商品只会在一个类别中描述。

OPQR

Regional value content 地区价值含量

The
value added to a product in, or attributable to materials or components
produced in, the countries that are members of a free trade agreement.
The method of calculation of this value is specific to each free trade
agreement and may vary by sector. 产品在自由贸易协议成员国中添加的价值，或由在该国生产的材料或组件贡献的价值。该价值的计算方法根据每个自由贸易协议的具体要求而定，可能因行业而异。

Rules of origin 原产地规则

Rules
of origin are legal principles that determine the source of a good,
particularly one that does not come entirely from one country, in terms
of the derivation of the materials or components or the location of the
processes used to make it. These rules determine how the article is
reported for trade data purposes and which rate of duty is imposed, and
may determine whether it is subject to embargoes, antidumping or
countervailing duties or other measures. 原产地规则是确定商品来源的法律原则，尤其适用于那些并非完全来自一个国家的商品，通过其材料或组件的来源，或者其生产过程的地点来判定。此规则决定了该商品在贸易数据中的报告方式，适用的关税税率，并可能决定其是否受到禁运、反倾销或反补贴税等其他措施的影响。

S

Schedule B B计划

Schedule
B is the Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities
Exported from the United States, as maintained and published by the
Bureau of the Census. It is based on the HS but contains additional
10-digit subdivisions to gather export data of particular U.S. interest. B计划是由美国人口普查局维护和发布的《美国国内和国外商品出口统计分类》。它基于协调系统（HS），但包含额外的10位数字子类，以收集美国特定兴趣的出口数据。

Schedule of Concessions 让步清单

A
set of tariff commitments given by a particular country that is
attached to a trade agreement to reflect the outcome of negotiations
between two or more countries, usually including a base rate and staging
code for tariff categories for which concessions are given (see Staged
Rates, below). 一个特定国家在贸易协议中提供的一组关税承诺，反映了两国或多国谈判的结果，通常包括关税类别的基本税率和阶段性代码（见下文中的阶段性税率）。

Specific duty 定额税

A rate of duty expressed as a specific currency amount charged per unit of the imported good (such as "¢/kg" or "¢/doz."). 一种关税税率，以特定货币金额表示，按进口商品的每单位征收（如"¢/千克"或"¢/打"）。

Staged rates 阶段性税率

Gradual
reduction in base duty rates over a period of years, usually over 5, 10
or some higher agreed number (known as the transition period), designed
to allow adjustment by domestic producers to additional imports
encouraged by lower duty rates and set forth in a schedule of
concessions. The last stage is known as the "final rate" for trade
agreement purposes. Staged rates are usually negotiated but occasionally
are used in statutes. In the United States, tables with staged rates
are usually proclaimed by the President. 在一段时间内（通常为5年、10年或其他更高约定年限）逐步降低基本关税税率，旨在通过较低的关税税率鼓励更多进口，并帮助国内生产者适应这一变化。最后阶段称为贸易协议中的"最终税率"。阶段性税率通常由谈判达成，但也有时会通过法令使用。在美国，阶段性税率表通常由总统宣布。

Statistical reporting number 统计报告编号

A 10-digit administrative product category intended to provide more detailed data on imports or exports. 一个10位数字的行政商品类别，旨在提供有关进口或出口的更详细数据。

Subheading 子目

A
six-digit HS provision or eight-digit HTS rate line, subordinate to an
HS heading, with article descriptions that are indented. 六位数字的HS条款或八位数字的HTS税率行，隶属于HS章节，商品描述有缩进。

Substantial transformation 实质性转化

The
fundamental change (normally as a result of processing or manufacturing
in the country claiming origin) in form, appearance, nature, or
character that an item undergoes, which adds to its value an amount or
percentage that is significant in comparison to the value which the item
(or its components or materials) had when exported from the country in
which it was first made or grown. 通过加工或制造过程发生的根本变化（通常是发生在声明原产国），使得商品在形态、外观、性质或特征上发生变化，且该变化为商品（或其组件或材料）增值，增值的金额或百分比相对于该商品在出口时的原值具有重要意义。

T

Tariff 关税

See duty. 见“关税”。

Tariff rate line 关税税率行

An 8-digit legal tariff provision in the HTS. HTS中的8位数字法律关税条款。

Tariff-rate quota (TRQ) 关税配额（TRQ）

A
tariff-rate quota combines a quantity limit and a tariff on specified
products, often agricultural goods. Imports entering during a specific
time period at levels below the agreed quantity (known as the "trigger
level") are usually subject to a lower, or sometimes a free, duty rate.
Imports above the quantitative threshold face a higher duty but are
allowed entry, unlike absolute quotas. 关税配额将数量限制和关税结合在一起，通常适用于农业商品。在特定时间段内，低于约定数量的进口（称为“触发水平”）通常适用较低的关税税率，有时甚至免税。超过数量阈值的进口商品则面临较高的关税，但允许进入，不同于绝对配额。

Trade remedy investigations 贸易救济调查

Includes
antidumping and countervailing duty investigations and sunset reviews
provided for under Title VII of the Trade Act of 1930, and global
safeguard (section 201) and market disruption (section 421)
investigations provided for under the Trade Act of 1974. 包括根据《1930年贸易法》第七章进行的反倾销和反补贴税调查，以及根据《1974年贸易法》进行的全球保障（第201节）和市场扰乱（第421节）调查。

UVW

World Customs Organization (WCO) 世界海关组织（WCO）

Intergovernmental
organization exclusively focused on customs simplification and
harmonization, valuation, origin, and training that maintains the
Harmonized System, among other functions. 一个政府间组织，专注于海关简化与协调、估价、原产地及培训，并维护协调系统等功能。

Wholly originating 完全原产

For
rules of origin, a term used to describe goods wholly manufactured or
obtained from a designated country or group of countries. No foreign
materials or inputs are used in the manufacture of such goods, and all
processing is performed in the designated country. 在原产地规则中，用于描述完全由指定国家或国家群体制造或获得的商品。这些商品的制造过程中不使用外国产材料或输入，所有加工都在指定国家进行。

XYZ